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The White River War, also known as the Ute War, or the Ute Campaign,〔http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/santala/santala.asp#m1〕 was fought between the White River Utes and the United States Army in 1879, resulting in the forced removal of the White River Utes and the Uncompahgre Utes from Colorado,〔David Rich Lewis, ''Neither Wolf nor Dog: American Indians, Environment, and Agrarian Change'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 48.〕 and the reduction in the Southern Utes' land holdings within Colorado. The war signalled the final defeat of the Utes and opened millions of new acreage to settlement.〔Dee Brown, ''Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West'' (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971), 387-89.〕 ==War== The conflict began when Major Thomas T. Thornburgh led a command of 153 soldiers, and twenty-five militiamen, to the White River Agency, in response to a request for assistance by the Indian Agent Nathan C. Meeker. Meeker had been attempting to convert the White River Utes to agriculture and Christianity, and had angered the Utes by plowing a field they used to graze and race horses. After an altercation with some Utes, Meeker had sent to the army for assistance.〔Peter R. Decker, ''"The Utes Must Go!": American Expansion and the Removal of a People,'' (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2004), pp. 115-19.〕 The main incidents of the war took place on September 29, 1879. Major Thornburgh advanced with his command across Milk Creek onto the White River Ute land, despite assuring several Utes on previous days that the main body of his command would remain off the reservation. An Ute force, led by Nicaagat (Jack), were hidden on high ground prepared to defend their territory. The competing armed forces signalled each other, with both sides meaning to meet with each other peacefully, when an errant shot began what came to be known as the Battle of Milk Creek. The Utes, although outnumbered, held the strategic high ground, and managed to hold the American army forces at bay, and inflict significant losses, including the death of Major Thornburgh and thirteen others, wounding more than forty. Meanwhile, a separate group of Utes, descended upon the White River Agency and killed ten male employees and Nathan Meeker. They also took three women and two children captive in what became known as the Meeker Massacre.〔Jerry Keenan, "Meeker Massacre," in ''Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars: 1492-1890,'' (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1997).〕 The United States Cavalry remaining at Milk Creek were in disarray, corralled with most of their animals dead and being used as defensive barricades. They were under the command of Captain J. Scott Payne, who sent out messengers for reinforcements. The troops held out for two days until the arrival of Captain Francis S. Dodge and his company of Buffalo Soldiers from Fort Lewis in southern Colorado. These reinforcements helped the army hold their position until Colonel Wesley Merritt arrived with close to 450 troops, this led to the Utes' withdrawing from the battle after six days of fighting.〔Decker, ''"The Utes Must Go!",'' pp. 141-144.〕 The army suffered thirteen casualties, including ten soldiers and three militiamen killed, and forty-four wounded, five of whom were of the militia. The Utes had suffered a total of thirty-seven fatalities, in both the battle and the massacre.〔Decker, ''"The Utes Must Go!",'' 219, #27.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White River War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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